Introduction: Computational-based simulations are useful in designing better drug carriers and to solve the practical issues in the area of diffusion, dynamics, and drug delivery systems. Molecular simulation techniques allow direct visualization of the processes and rectify the interactions involved at a molecular scale level. Aim: Computational techniques are used for the prediction of the binding of drug molecules to receptors and dynamics between drug molecule and its carrier entailing an essential role to minimize the cost of investment in the design and development of the drug. This review will emphasize the various molecular modeling tools and its applications in micro- and macrodurg designs at therapeutics level. Materials and methods: Various scales of molecular modeling such as quantum scale, atomic scale, mesoscopic scale, macro scale, as well as different quantum tools such as quantum mechanics (QM), hybrid QM/molecular mechanics, and computer tooling in drug designs. Results and discussions: The current review emphasizes the applications of drug designs in area of design of chemical structures, visualization of molecular structure, predictions of molecular conformations, interaction of macromolecular receptors, interactions of drug–receptor, study of molecular properties, drug–excipient interactions, quantitative structure–activity relationship, lead molecule generation, pharmacophoric pattern, computational pharmaceutics in drug delivery, shape and charge for self-assembled polymer, etc.

Introduction: Patients with diabetes mellitus need regular dental visits for maintenance of periodontal health. The treatment regimen usually consists of nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in gingivitis and mild to moderate periodontitis, followed by oral hygiene reinforcement and maintenance therapy. Recently, the use of herbal/traditional medicine as an adjunct to NSPT has been tried as a beneficial agent in achieving better periodontal health status in diabetic patients. The present study evaluated the effect of Morinda citrifolia L. mouthwash in the maintenance of periodontal health in patients with type 2 diabetes with chronic periodontitis (ChP). Materials and methods: Systemically healthy subjects without periodontitis were recruited as control (group A) (n = 24). Twenty-four subjects with ChP were allotted in group B. A total of 48 patients with ChP and type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled and randomly allocated as group C (n = 24) and group D (n = 24). The subject was instructed to rinse with M. citrifolia mouthwash twice daily. Clinical periodontal outcomes measured were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months posttherapy. Salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) was also measured at baseline and 3 months. Results: Clinical parameters PI, GI, CAL, BOP, and PD reduced significantly in groups B, C, and D posttreatment 3 months follow-up. However, the intergroup comparison did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05). Salivary TAOC level was higher in groups B, C, and D when compared with healthy control group A and it was significantly reduced in all the three groups B, C, and D post 3 months therapy (P < 0.05). Intergroup comparison of salivary TAOC levels between groups B, C, and D did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The daily rinsing with M. citrifolia mouthwash did not show any added benefits in ChP with type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, its further nutritional benefits need to be assessed by larger multicenter interventional studies.

Background: Several researches have shown that vitamin D deficiency is significantly linked to common chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Aims: This study aimed to assess the relationship between vitamin D insufficiency and type 2 diabetes risk factors in oriental Morocco patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 114 T2DM patients (diagnosed more than 6 months earlier) attending diabetes center in Oujda North-East Morocco between December 1, 2016 and May 30, 2018 were enrolled. Sociodemographic data (age, gender, education, etc.) and medical data (duration of illness, glucose level, type of treatment, etc.) were collected from patients using a structured questionnaire. In addition, anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples from each patient were taken. Glucose, 25(OH) vitamin D, and creatinine were measured in obtained serum. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software. Results: The mean age of study participants was 63.20 ± 9.37 with a male/female ratio of 2; the mean body mass index is about 22.65 ± 3. The mean concentration of 25(OH) D was 15.68 ±9.35 ng/mL. At the same time, there was a deficiency in vitamin D of 74.10% among patients with type 2 diabetes. The result shows that vitamin D level was significantly associate with sex, duration of diabetes, and body mass index (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study highlighted the vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in T2DM Moroccan patients. However, vitamin D deficiency can lead to T2DM complications.

Introduction: Anemia in the geriatric age group is a prevalent disorder, with a complex pathophysiology. In this study, we try to evaluate the correlation between selected inflammatory biomarkers [interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and hepcidin (HA)] in geriatric anemia. Materials and methods: Case–control hospital-based study conducted in individual age 60 to 80 years at Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute. One hundred participants are included in this study, where 50 in case group with anemia and 50 in control group without anemia. A one-time blood sample is collected and was evaluated for complete blood count, serum ferritin, vitamin B₁₂, HA, IL-6, and serum CRP. Results: There is a significant association between inflammatory markers IL-6, CRP, HA, and geriatric anemia, which shows statistical significance with P-value <0.001, values in group case are following 6.60 ± 4.42 pg/mL, 3.79 ± 4.25 mg/L, 3.97 ± 2.16 ng/mL, 8.87 ± 1.95, and in control 3.22 ± 2.33 pg/mL, 2.02 ± 3.28 mg/L, 2.77 ± 0.85 ng/mL, and 12.39 ± 1.26. Final diagnosis most common, unexplained anemia with 25 (50.0%), followed by anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) 11 (22.0%) ACD with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) occur in 6 (12.0%), 5 (10.0%) cases of pure IDA, and 3 (6.0%) megaloblastic anemia. Conclusion: Significant correlation between inflammatory biomarkers in geriatric anemias. Inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6, HA) will not only help in categorizing geriatric anemia but also eventually leads to specific targeted treatment protocol.

Introduction: Cardiac arrest remains one of the primary causes of death in the United States, affecting about 350,000 patients every year. Many previous studies have recommended that nearly two-thirds of the patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and a quarter of the patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) died out of neurologic damage. Objectives: (1) To evaluate the cerebral performance score in the survival outcome among patients with IHCA. (2) To associate the cerebral performance score in survival outcome among patients with IHCA with their demographic variables. Materials and methods: Nonexperimental descriptive research design was used. Study was conducted in all the intensive care units of General Hospital and Research Center, Chennai, India. A total of 125 samples were selected with nonprobability purposive sampling technique. Results: The number of patients with poor neurologic outcome was 93 (74.4%) and number of patients with good neurologic outcome was 32 (25.6%). In multiple regression analysis, “total cholesterol level” at the P-value of 0.05, there is high significant association between clinical variable and the level of cerebral performance score among patients with IHCA. It means that the total cholesterol level is highly influencing the cerebral performance scores. Conclusion: Assessment of neurologic status is a major determinant of functional outcome of postcardiac arrest patient. However, measures of neurologic status do not directly replicate overall outcome after cardiac arrest. Inclusion of neurologic outcome measures the neuroprognostication of patient.

Introduction: In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is a common health problem associated with high levels of mortality. Successful defibrillation is known to improve outcomes in ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia. However, it has been hypothesized that a period of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before defibrillation, increasing the likelihood of successful defibrillation. The order of priority of CPR versus defibrillation therefore remains in contention. Objectives: (1) To determine the arrest factors in survival outcome of IHCA. (2) To associate the arrest factors in survival outcome of IHCA with their selected demographic variables. Materials and methods: A total of 125 samples were selected and nonprobability purposive sampling technique was used for this study. Arrest factor score was used to assess prognosis of IHCA. Statistical analysis used: Descriptive statistics to determine the frequency and distribution, multiple regression analysis to interpret the data, and Chi-square test for associating the variables. Results: Percentage distribution of arrest factors determines the cardiac cause 94.4% and noncardiac cause 89.6%, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was carried for 2 to 4 minutes (2.4%) duration, 5 to 9 minutes (15.2%), 15 to 19 minutes (8.8%), 20 to 24 minutes (17.6%), 25 to 29 minutes (32%), and ≥30 minutes (24%) among patients with IHCA. Frequency and distribution of arrest factors were increased survival outcome 0 (0.0%), moderate survival outcome 33 (26.4%), and decreased survival outcome 92 (73.6%) in survival outcome among patients with IHCA. The P-values corresponding to “total cholesterol level and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level” at 0.01 level and “triglycerides and smoking” at 0.05 level are highly impacting the “arrest factors scores.” Conclusion: Determining cardiac and noncardiac causes can determine the risk of IHCA. Identification and early management and duration of CPR initiate the reversal of IHCA and increase the rate of survival outcome.

Introduction: Studies show that hematologic parameters can be used as biomarkers in systemic inflammatory skin diseases. Materials and methodology: A case–control study was performed between April 2018 and April 2019 on 55 newly diagnosed (age: 20–60 years), untreated, biopsy proven psoriasis patients and 55 healthy nonpsoriatic individuals with no family history of psoriasis as controls. Sociodemographic details and clinical features from the 55 patients with psoriasis were collected using a questionnaire. Severity of psoriasis was assessed by psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score. Blood samples of 110 study subjects were analyzed for the following parameters: red blood cell indices, hemoglobin, platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV), white blood cell count, differential count, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Along with this, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were also analyzed for all the samples. Highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was analyzed. Student t test for independent samples was used to compare the data obtained from the patients and the controls. Patients were divided into two groups: one group having PASI < 10 and the other group PASI > 10. Results: Student t test performed on psoriasis patients showed that the two groups were significantly different (P < 0.05) in the levels of red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, neutrophils, lymphocytes, NLR, red-cell distribution width (RDW), MPV, ESR, fibrinogen, and D-dimer. Out of 55 cases, hs-CRP is reactive for 11 patients from PASI < 10 (n = 36) compared to 19 patients from PASI > 10 (n = 19; P = 0.010) and had a positive correlation with MPV, ESR. RDW, NLR and ESR, ESR can be used to assess the disease severity of psoriasis and assess the response to treatment. Along with clinical PASI score, these simple, less expensive biomarkers can be effectively employed in place of other biomarkers such as hs-CRP for management of the disease.